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The basic usage goes like this: Instead of doing r = PyObject_CallMethod(o, "foo", "args", ...); do _Py_IDENTIFIER(foo); ... r = _PyObject_CallMethodId(o, &PyId_foo, "args", ...); PyId_foo is a static variable, either on block level or file level. On first usage, the string "foo" is interned, and the structures are linked. On interpreter shutdown, all strings are released (through _PyUnicode_ClearStaticStrings). Alternatively, _Py_static_string allows choosing the variable name. _PyUnicode_FromId returns a borrowed reference to the interned string. _PyObject_{Get,Set,Has}AttrId are __getattr__ versions using _Py_Identifier*. */ typedef struct _Py_Identifier { struct _Py_Identifier *next; const char* string; PyObject *object; } _Py_Identifier; #define _Py_static_string_init(value) { .next = NULL, .string = value, .object = NULL } #define _Py_static_string(varname, value) static _Py_Identifier varname = _Py_static_string_init(value) #define _Py_IDENTIFIER(varname) _Py_static_string(PyId_##varname, #varname) /* buffer interface */ typedef struct bufferinfo { void *buf; PyObject *obj; /* owned reference */ Py_ssize_t len; Py_ssize_t itemsize; /* This is Py_ssize_t so it can be pointed to by strides in simple case.*/ int readonly; int ndim; char *format; Py_ssize_t *shape; Py_ssize_t *strides; Py_ssize_t *suboffsets; void *internal; } Py_buffer; typedef int (*getbufferproc)(PyObject *, Py_buffer *, int); typedef void (*releasebufferproc)(PyObject *, Py_buffer *); typedef PyObject *(*vectorcallfunc)(PyObject *callable, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames); /* Maximum number of dimensions */ #define PyBUF_MAX_NDIM 64 /* Flags for getting buffers */ #define PyBUF_SIMPLE 0 #define PyBUF_WRITABLE 0x0001 /* we used to include an E, backwards compatible alias */ #define PyBUF_WRITEABLE PyBUF_WRITABLE #define PyBUF_FORMAT 0x0004 #define PyBUF_ND 0x0008 #define PyBUF_STRIDES (0x0010 | PyBUF_ND) #define PyBUF_C_CONTIGUOUS (0x0020 | PyBUF_STRIDES) #define PyBUF_F_CONTIGUOUS (0x0040 | PyBUF_STRIDES) #define PyBUF_ANY_CONTIGUOUS (0x0080 | PyBUF_STRIDES) #define PyBUF_INDIRECT (0x0100 | PyBUF_STRIDES) #define PyBUF_CONTIG (PyBUF_ND | PyBUF_WRITABLE) #define PyBUF_CONTIG_RO (PyBUF_ND) #define PyBUF_STRIDED (PyBUF_STRIDES | PyBUF_WRITABLE) #define PyBUF_STRIDED_RO (PyBUF_STRIDES) #define PyBUF_RECORDS (PyBUF_STRIDES | PyBUF_WRITABLE | PyBUF_FORMAT) #define PyBUF_RECORDS_RO (PyBUF_STRIDES | PyBUF_FORMAT) #define PyBUF_FULL (PyBUF_INDIRECT | PyBUF_WRITABLE | PyBUF_FORMAT) #define PyBUF_FULL_RO (PyBUF_INDIRECT | PyBUF_FORMAT) #define PyBUF_READ 0x100 #define PyBUF_WRITE 0x200 /* End buffer interface */ typedef struct { /* Number implementations must check *both* arguments for proper type and implement the necessary conversions in the slot functions themselves. */ binaryfunc nb_add; binaryfunc nb_subtract; binaryfunc nb_multiply; binaryfunc nb_remainder; binaryfunc nb_divmod; ternaryfunc nb_power; unaryfunc nb_negative; unaryfunc nb_positive; unaryfunc nb_absolute; inquiry nb_bool; unaryfunc nb_invert; binaryfunc nb_lshift; binaryfunc nb_rshift; binaryfunc nb_and; binaryfunc nb_xor; binaryfunc nb_or; unaryfunc nb_int; void *nb_reserved; /* the slot formerly known as nb_long */ unaryfunc nb_float; binaryfunc nb_inplace_add; binaryfunc nb_inplace_subtract; binaryfunc nb_inplace_multiply; binaryfunc nb_inplace_remainder; ternaryfunc nb_inplace_power; binaryfunc nb_inplace_lshift; binaryfunc nb_inplace_rshift; binaryfunc nb_inplace_and; binaryfunc nb_inplace_xor; binaryfunc nb_inplace_or; binaryfunc nb_floor_divide; binaryfunc nb_true_divide; binaryfunc nb_inplace_floor_divide; binaryfunc nb_inplace_true_divide; unaryfunc nb_index; binaryfunc nb_matrix_multiply; binaryfunc nb_inplace_matrix_multiply; } PyNumberMethods; typedef struct { lenfunc sq_length; binaryfunc sq_concat; ssizeargfunc sq_repeat; ssizeargfunc sq_item; void *was_sq_slice; ssizeobjargproc sq_ass_item; void *was_sq_ass_slice; objobjproc sq_contains; binaryfunc sq_inplace_concat; ssizeargfunc sq_inplace_repeat; } PySequenceMethods; typedef struct { lenfunc mp_length; binaryfunc mp_subscript; objobjargproc mp_ass_subscript; } PyMappingMethods; typedef struct { unaryfunc am_await; unaryfunc am_aiter; unaryfunc am_anext; } PyAsyncMethods; typedef struct { getbufferproc bf_getbuffer; releasebufferproc bf_releasebuffer; } PyBufferProcs; /* Allow printfunc in the tp_vectorcall_offset slot for * backwards-compatibility */ typedef Py_ssize_t printfunc; typedef struct _typeobject { PyObject_VAR_HEAD const char *tp_name; /* For printing, in format "." */ Py_ssize_t tp_basicsize, tp_itemsize; /* For allocation */ /* Methods to implement standard operations */ destructor tp_dealloc; Py_ssize_t tp_vectorcall_offset; getattrfunc tp_getattr; setattrfunc tp_setattr; PyAsyncMethods *tp_as_async; /* formerly known as tp_compare (Python 2) or tp_reserved (Python 3) */ reprfunc tp_repr; /* Method suites for standard classes */ PyNumberMethods *tp_as_number; PySequenceMethods *tp_as_sequence; PyMappingMethods *tp_as_mapping; /* More standard operations (here for binary compatibility) */ hashfunc tp_hash; ternaryfunc tp_call; reprfunc tp_str; getattrofunc tp_getattro; setattrofunc tp_setattro; /* Functions to access object as input/output buffer */ PyBufferProcs *tp_as_buffer; /* Flags to define presence of optional/expanded features */ unsigned long tp_flags; const char *tp_doc; /* Documentation string */ /* Assigned meaning in release 2.0 */ /* call function for all accessible objects */ traverseproc tp_traverse; /* delete references to contained objects */ inquiry tp_clear; /* Assigned meaning in release 2.1 */ /* rich comparisons */ richcmpfunc tp_richcompare; /* weak reference enabler */ Py_ssize_t tp_weaklistoffset; /* Iterators */ getiterfunc tp_iter; iternextfunc tp_iternext; /* Attribute descriptor and subclassing stuff */ struct PyMethodDef *tp_methods; struct PyMemberDef *tp_members; struct PyGetSetDef *tp_getset; struct _typeobject *tp_base; PyObject *tp_dict; descrgetfunc tp_descr_get; descrsetfunc tp_descr_set; Py_ssize_t tp_dictoffset; initproc tp_init; allocfunc tp_alloc; newfunc tp_new; freefunc tp_free; /* Low-level free-memory routine */ inquiry tp_is_gc; /* For PyObject_IS_GC */ PyObject *tp_bases; PyObject *tp_mro; /* method resolution order */ PyObject *tp_cache; PyObject *tp_subclasses; PyObject *tp_weaklist; destructor tp_del; /* Type attribute cache version tag. Added in version 2.6 */ unsigned int tp_version_tag; destructor tp_finalize; vectorcallfunc tp_vectorcall; /* bpo-37250: kept for backwards compatibility in CPython 3.8 only */ Py_DEPRECATED(3.8) int (*tp_print)(PyObject *, FILE *, int); #ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS /* these must be last and never explicitly initialized */ Py_ssize_t tp_allocs; Py_ssize_t tp_frees; Py_ssize_t tp_maxalloc; struct _typeobject *tp_prev; struct _typeobject *tp_next; #endif } PyTypeObject; /* The *real* layout of a type object when allocated on the heap */ typedef struct _heaptypeobject { /* Note: there's a dependency on the order of these members in slotptr() in typeobject.c . */ PyTypeObject ht_type; PyAsyncMethods as_async; PyNumberMethods as_number; PyMappingMethods as_mapping; PySequenceMethods as_sequence; /* as_sequence comes after as_mapping, so that the mapping wins when both the mapping and the sequence define a given operator (e.g. __getitem__). see add_operators() in typeobject.c . */ PyBufferProcs as_buffer; PyObject *ht_name, *ht_slots, *ht_qualname; struct _dictkeysobject *ht_cached_keys; /* here are optional user slots, followed by the members. */ } PyHeapTypeObject; /* access macro to the members which are floating "behind" the object */ #define PyHeapType_GET_MEMBERS(etype) \ ((PyMemberDef *)(((char *)etype) + Py_TYPE(etype)->tp_basicsize)) PyAPI_FUNC(const char *) _PyType_Name(PyTypeObject *); PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyType_Lookup(PyTypeObject *, PyObject *); PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyType_LookupId(PyTypeObject *, _Py_Identifier *); PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyObject_LookupSpecial(PyObject *, _Py_Identifier *); PyAPI_FUNC(PyTypeObject *) _PyType_CalculateMetaclass(PyTypeObject *, PyObject *); PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyType_GetDocFromInternalDoc(const char *, const char *); PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyType_GetTextSignatureFromInternalDoc(const char *, const char *); struct _Py_Identifier; PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_Print(PyObject *, FILE *, int); PyAPI_FUNC(void) _Py_BreakPoint(void); PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyObject_Dump(PyObject *); PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyObject_IsFreed(PyObject *); PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyObject_IsAbstract(PyObject *); PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyObject_GetAttrId(PyObject *, struct _Py_Identifier *); PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyObject_SetAttrId(PyObject *, struct _Py_Identifier *, PyObject *); PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyObject_HasAttrId(PyObject *, struct _Py_Identifier *); /* Replacements of PyObject_GetAttr() and _PyObject_GetAttrId() which don't raise AttributeError. Return 1 and set *result != NULL if an attribute is found. Return 0 and set *result == NULL if an attribute is not found; an AttributeError is silenced. Return -1 and set *result == NULL if an error other than AttributeError is raised. */ PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyObject_LookupAttr(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject **); PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyObject_LookupAttrId(PyObject *, struct _Py_Identifier *, PyObject **); PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject **) _PyObject_GetDictPtr(PyObject *); PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyObject_NextNotImplemented(PyObject *); PyAPI_FUNC(void) PyObject_CallFinalizer(PyObject *); PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc(PyObject *); /* Same as PyObject_Generic{Get,Set}Attr, but passing the attributes dict as the last parameter. */ PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyObject_GenericGetAttrWithDict(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *, int); PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyObject_GenericSetAttrWithDict(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *); #define PyType_HasFeature(t,f) (((t)->tp_flags & (f)) != 0) static inline void _Py_Dealloc_inline(PyObject *op) { destructor dealloc = Py_TYPE(op)->tp_dealloc; #ifdef Py_TRACE_REFS _Py_ForgetReference(op); #else _Py_INC_TPFREES(op); #endif (*dealloc)(op); } #define _Py_Dealloc(op) _Py_Dealloc_inline(op) /* Safely decref `op` and set `op` to `op2`. * * As in case of Py_CLEAR "the obvious" code can be deadly: * * Py_DECREF(op); * op = op2; * * The safe way is: * * Py_SETREF(op, op2); * * That arranges to set `op` to `op2` _before_ decref'ing, so that any code * triggered as a side-effect of `op` getting torn down no longer believes * `op` points to a valid object. * * Py_XSETREF is a variant of Py_SETREF that uses Py_XDECREF instead of * Py_DECREF. */ #define Py_SETREF(op, op2) \ do { \ PyObject *_py_tmp = _PyObject_CAST(op); \ (op) = (op2); \ Py_DECREF(_py_tmp); \ } while (0) #define Py_XSETREF(op, op2) \ do { \ PyObject *_py_tmp = _PyObject_CAST(op); \ (op) = (op2); \ Py_XDECREF(_py_tmp); \ } while (0) PyAPI_DATA(PyTypeObject) _PyNone_Type; PyAPI_DATA(PyTypeObject) _PyNotImplemented_Type; /* Maps Py_LT to Py_GT, ..., Py_GE to Py_LE. * Defined in object.c. */ PyAPI_DATA(int) _Py_SwappedOp[]; /* This is the old private API, invoked by the macros before 3.2.4. Kept for binary compatibility of extensions using the stable ABI. */ PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyTrash_deposit_object(PyObject*); PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyTrash_destroy_chain(void); PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyDebugAllocatorStats(FILE *out, const char *block_name, int num_blocks, size_t sizeof_block); PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyObject_DebugTypeStats(FILE *out); /* Define a pair of assertion macros: _PyObject_ASSERT_FROM(), _PyObject_ASSERT_WITH_MSG() and _PyObject_ASSERT(). These work like the regular C assert(), in that they will abort the process with a message on stderr if the given condition fails to hold, but compile away to nothing if NDEBUG is defined. However, before aborting, Python will also try to call _PyObject_Dump() on the given object. This may be of use when investigating bugs in which a particular object is corrupt (e.g. buggy a tp_visit method in an extension module breaking the garbage collector), to help locate the broken objects. The WITH_MSG variant allows you to supply an additional message that Python will attempt to print to stderr, after the object dump. */ #ifdef NDEBUG /* No debugging: compile away the assertions: */ # define _PyObject_ASSERT_FROM(obj, expr, msg, filename, lineno, func) \ ((void)0) #else /* With debugging: generate checks: */ # define _PyObject_ASSERT_FROM(obj, expr, msg, filename, lineno, func) \ ((expr) \ ? (void)(0) \ : _PyObject_AssertFailed((obj), Py_STRINGIFY(expr), \ (msg), (filename), (lineno), (func))) #endif #define _PyObject_ASSERT_WITH_MSG(obj, expr, msg) \ _PyObject_ASSERT_FROM(obj, expr, msg, __FILE__, __LINE__, __func__) #define _PyObject_ASSERT(obj, expr) \ _PyObject_ASSERT_WITH_MSG(obj, expr, NULL) #define _PyObject_ASSERT_FAILED_MSG(obj, msg) \ _PyObject_AssertFailed((obj), NULL, (msg), __FILE__, __LINE__, __func__) /* Declare and define _PyObject_AssertFailed() even when NDEBUG is defined, to avoid causing compiler/linker errors when building extensions without NDEBUG against a Python built with NDEBUG defined. msg, expr and function can be NULL. */ PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyObject_AssertFailed( PyObject *obj, const char *expr, const char *msg, const char *file, int line, const char *function); /* Check if an object is consistent. For example, ensure that the reference counter is greater than or equal to 1, and ensure that ob_type is not NULL. Call _PyObject_AssertFailed() if the object is inconsistent. If check_content is zero, only check header fields: reduce the overhead. The function always return 1. The return value is just here to be able to write: assert(_PyObject_CheckConsistency(obj, 1)); */ PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyObject_CheckConsistency( PyObject *op, int check_content); #ifdef __cplusplus } #endif